During a patient's cardiovascular evaluation, you detect a high-pitched, scratchy, scraping cardiac sound that is synchronous with the heartbeat while performing auscultation with the diaphragm of the stethoscope. The sound is heard best when the patient is leaning forward and holding their breath after expiration. Which potential finding is most accurately described by these characteristics?
Mitral valve prolapse
Pericardial friction rub
Aortic ejection click
Third heart sound (S3)